BERT BIT ERROR RATE TESTER AND ITS ROLE IN HIGH SPEED

How to reduce the bit error rate of OFDM

How to reduce the bit error rate of OFDM

For this, numerous techniques are proposed to beat the PAPR problem like i) Selective mapping (SLM) ii) Partial transmit sequence (PTS), iii) Clipping, iv) Clipping and filtering. Current technological objectives for OFDM focus primarily on optimizing bit error rate (BER) performance, particularly in high-data-rate applications where transmission reliability directly impacts user experience. However, one amongst the foremost drawbacks of the OFDM system is that the high-peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that leads the system to provide in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation and reduces its efficiency. OFDM can be implemented easily, it is spectrally efficient and can provide high data rates with sufficient robustness to channel imperfections. Abstract-In this paper we present an analytical approach to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) of OFDM systems subject to carrier frequency offset (CFO) and channel estimation error in Rayleigh flat fading as well as in time and frequency selective fading channels.

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The role of optocouplers in controlling high current

The role of optocouplers in controlling high current

Sometimes you need to control a high current from a microcontroller circuit, such as an Arduino. Although it's possible to do with a transistor, using an optocoupler is safer as it ensures that there is no noise or high-voltage spikes coming from the high-current circuit. An optocoupler, also known as photocoupler or opto-isolator, is a device which can transfer an electrical signal across two galvanically-isolated circuits by way of optical coupling. Unlike transformers or capacitors, which can only transfer AC signals across the isolation barrier, optocouplers can. In this guide, you'll learn how they work and how you can use one in your own projects. Internal Equivalence Circuit Here, we will describe how a general-purpose photocoupler with this basic structure is used. That way, noisy signals, voltage spikes, or weird grounding issues don't mess with sensitive electronics.

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